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عدد المساهمات : 281 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/12/2008
| موضوع: The process Approach الإثنين أبريل 27, 2009 2:42 am | |
| The process Approach
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This process approach focuses on the act of writing itself, the means by which the text is created more than the text itself It stresses the creativity of the individual writer, and pays attention to the development of good writing practices rather than the imitation of models Generally, writing has become a process of natural generation of ideas with focus on meaning and communication that precedes concerns about form and grammar It allowed students to manage the writing task by breaking it into manageable parts or phases Prewriting Drafting Revising Editing Publishing I will explain each phase in detail | |
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عدد المساهمات : 281 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/12/2008
| موضوع: Pre-writing الإثنين أبريل 27, 2009 2:44 am | |
| Pre-writing
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During the initial stage of process writing students need to discover and define their ideas This is the time for the prewriting activities These activities are used to provide needed information and to generate ideas and identify feelings and opinions Prewriting activities teach students to think carefully about words and to explore the subject at hand As learners do this, they discover that the more they write the more thinking is expanded and stimulated Students learn to collect and connect information, and eventually begin to express themselves in a more informal way Students, in this stage, write beyond the paragraph level, paying more attention to content than to grammar | |
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عدد المساهمات : 281 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/12/2008
| موضوع: Types of prewriting activities الإثنين أبريل 27, 2009 2:45 am | |
| Types of prewriting activities
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There are different activities that can be used at this phase Brainstorming One useful in-class prewriting activity is brainstorming in which teachers give students a topic or question to think of as many ideas as they can as quickly as they can; all ideas, no matter how silly, are written down After a large number of ideas is generated, students go back and begin to choose those that seem worthy of further thought | |
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عدد المساهمات : 281 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/12/2008
| موضوع: Listing الإثنين أبريل 27, 2009 2:47 am | |
| Listing
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Unlike brainstorming, “listing” can be a quiet and essentially individual activity In this technique, the student is encouraged to produce as lengthy a list as possible of all the main ideas and subcategories that come to mind as he or she thinks about the topic at hand This is an especially useful activity for students who might be constrained by undue concern for expressing their thoughts in grammatically correct sentences | |
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عدد المساهمات : 281 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/12/2008
| موضوع: Clustering الإثنين أبريل 27, 2009 2:48 am | |
| Clustering
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Another activity for getting many ideas down quickly is “clustering” (or word mapping), in which students write their topic in the middle of a sheet or paper and then circle it The topic could be a single word or phrase Concentrating on the topic for a few seconds, they then write a word or phrase the topic makes them think of They repeat this until they have written as much as they can think of When the map or web is completed, the student organizes it into a general outline to use when beginning the actual writing | |
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| موضوع: Free writing الإثنين أبريل 27, 2009 2:49 am | |
| Free writing
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Free writing is also a timed prewriting activity that encourages the students to write in a stream of unconsciousness mind They are asked to write about a topic for a set amount of time (e.g., eight minutes) without stopping, even if they must simply repeat the last word or sentence until a new thought comes to mind The main objective in free writing is to capture as many thoughts and ideas as possible and allow the writing to flow wherever their minds lead them The students then read and consider what they wrote, after which they freewrite again Freed from worrying about grammar and word choice, students generate lots of raw material for their essays | |
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عدد المساهمات : 281 تاريخ التسجيل : 01/12/2008
| موضوع: The third phase الإثنين أبريل 27, 2009 2:51 am | |
| The third phase
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Revising Many students mistakenly believe that revising means going over the draft to correct spelling, punctuation, and grammar Actually, revising means looking at organization, word choice, main points, support for main ideas, examples, connections between ideas, and a clear focus Among the tools students can employ for revision are Reading what they have written aloud, having another person read it aloud to them, and seeking peer review and response Reading aloud forces students to slow their reading, often allowing them to see what they have written versus what they think they have written Hearing it read by someone else offers similar benefits In addition, it tends to increase the distance between students and their writing, encouraging them to be more objective Peer review – that is, reading and response by other students – has the same advantages, plus the chance for real readers to consider and respond to their work-in-progress | |
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